What Are Cannabis Terpenes & Why Do They Matter?

Terpenes are the aromatic compounds found within the fine, resinous trichomes of cannabis flowers that give the plant its distinct flavors and aromas. Terpenes also contribute to the varied colors among different strains of the cannabis plant. And terpenes aren’t just in cannabis; they occur in nearly every plant species on Earth.¹

The entourage effect describes the phenomenon that occurs when cannabis is consumed with all its chemical components—cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenes, all working together in the body to heighten and amplify the effects of marijuana. 

Research has found that terpenes may contribute to the potency of many cannabis products, whether THC or CBD, because they increase interactions between cannabinoids and the body’s endocannabinoid system.²  

Caryophyllene, or β-caryophyllene, beta-caryophyllene, or BCP, is not only one of the most abundant terpenes in cannabis, it’s also one of the most unique. Unlike other terpenes, caryophyllene is capable of interacting directly with the body's endocannabinoid system. This ability may contribute to its potential anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties.³

• Flavors and aromas: Peppery spice, herbal woods, warm earth
• Found in: Black peppercorn, basil, oregano, cinnamon, cloves, and rosemary
  
  

Geraniol is naturally produced by a variety of flowers and fruits, the main one being geraniums. The pleasant fragrance of geraniol makes it a popular ingredient in perfumes, cosmetics, and other household products. Geraniol has also been studied for its potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fungal properties.⁴

• Flavors and aromas: Sugary florals, delicate citrus, mild citronella
• Found in: Geraniums, roses, peaches, plums, grapefruit, blueberries, and coriander
  
  

Humulene, also known as α-caryophyllene or α-humulene, is an earthy, woody, and slightly spicy terpene found in high concentrations in the hop plant. It’s the humulene in hops that gives beer its signature hoppy taste and smell. Humulene has been investigated for its potential anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and appetite-suppressing effects, and is commonly used in essential oils for herbal aromatherapy.⁵

• Flavors and aromas: Spicy herbs, bitter hops, pungent earth
• Found in: Hops, balsam fir, sage, ginger, coriander, cloves, and basil
  
  

Limonene is one of the most prevalent terpenes in nature, largely responsible for the fresh, zesty scent of citrus fruits. In addition to its uplifting aroma, limonene is known for its potential mood-enhancing and stress-relieving effects, making it a popular ingredient in aromatherapy. Research also suggests that limonene may have antifungal, antibacterial, and potential cancer-fighting properties.⁶

• Flavors and aromas: Sugary florals, delicate citrus, mild citronella
• Found in: Geraniums, roses, peaches, plums, grapefruit, blueberries, and coriander
  
  

Linalool is often associated with lavender due to its soft, floral, and slightly spicy aroma, but this terpene can be found in over 200 plant species. Known for its calming and sedative properties, linalool is frequently used in aromatherapy to reduce stress and promote relaxation and can be found in many cosmetics and household products. Studies suggest that linalool may also have potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immune-boosting benefits.⁷

• Flavors and aromas: Herbal lavender, spicy wood, fresh florals
• Found in: Lavender, roses, basil, thyme, coriander, citrus fruits
  
  

Myrcene is the most abundant terpene in cannabis, dominating the terpene profile of many different strains. It has a musky, earthy, and herbal aroma with subtle fruity notes, and is a main player in beer production alongside humulene. This terpene is believed to contribute to the drowsy, relaxing effects of certain cannabis strains because of its potential sedative properties. Myrcene has also been researched for possible pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory benefits.⁸

• Flavors and aromas: Ripe mangoes, musky earth, spicy herbs
• Found in: Mangoes, lemongrass, bay leaves, thyme, hops, and cloves
  
  

Ocimene boasts a complex and refreshing aroma profile that blends woodsy, floral, and citrus notes. It’s often used in many household cleaning products to produce that fresh, pine-like scent. Ocimene is thought to have antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties and is sometimes included in fragrances and essential oils for its uplifting and energizing qualities.⁹

• Flavors and aromas: Herbal woods, fresh citrus, sweet florals
• Found in: Mint, orchids, citrus fruits, mango, and lavender
  
  

Pinene is exactly what it sounds like—the terpene that gives pine trees their distinct, woodsy aroma. It’s one of the most common terpenes found in nature. Studies on pinene have shown its potential as a bronchodilator, meaning this terpene may help improve respiratory function in humans. It has also been studied for its possible cognitive benefits, like improving short-term memory.¹⁰

• Flavors and aromas: Pine forests, sweet woods, spicy sap
• Found in: Pine needles, orange peels, rosemary, basil, parsley, dill, and turpentine
  
  

Terpineol can be hard to pin down. Its smell is subtle and debated, and there’s often such small amounts of it in cannabis that it’s easily overpowered by other terpenes. Still, it can have a big impact on the overall flavor and aroma of many cannabis strains. Some people describe the scent of terpineol as having minty and pine-like qualities, while others compare it to the scent of lilac, citrus, or even anise-like licorice. It’s a common ingredient in perfumes, cosmetics, and essential oils, and has demonstrated some promise as an antibacterial and sedative agent.¹¹

• Flavors and aromas: Fresh lilac, mild citrus, minty woods
• Found in: Lilacs, pine trees, and eucalyptus
  
  

Valencene is named for Valencia oranges due to its strong citrusy, sweet, and slightly woody scent. It’s often used in perfumes and cleaning products for its bright and energizing aroma. Research suggests that it may have insect-repellent properties and potential anti-inflammatory effects.¹²

• Flavors and aromas: Juicy citrus, fresh-cut wood, sweet fruits
• Found in: Oranges, grapefruit, and tangerines